Build an Expandable Disk Image

An expandable disk represents the system disk with the capability to automatically expand the disk and its filesystem to a custom disk geometry. This allows deploying the same disk image on target systems with different hardware setups.

The following example shows how to build and deploy an expandable disk image based on openSUSE Leap using a QEMU virtual machine as a target system:

Make sure you have checked out the example image descriptions (see Example Appliance Descriptions).
Build an image with KIWI NG:
```
$ sudo kiwi-ng --type oem system build \
    --description kiwi/build-tests/x86/leap/test-image-disk \
    --set-repo obs://openSUSE:Leap:15.5/standard \
    --target-dir /tmp/myimage
```
The resulting image is saved in /tmp/myimage.
- The disk image with the suffix .raw is an expandable virtual disk. It can expand itself to a custom disk geometry.
- The installation image with the suffix install.iso is a hybrid installation system which contains the disk image and is capable to install this image on any target disk.

Deployment Methods

The goal of an expandable disk image is to provide the virtual disk data for OEM vendors to support easy deployment of the system to physical storage media.

Basic deployment strategies are as follows:

Manual Deployment

Manually deploy the disk image onto the target disk.
CD/DVD Deployment

Boot the installation image and let KIWI NG’s installer deploy the disk image from CD/DVD or USB stick onto the target disk.
Network Deployment

PXE boot the target system and let KIWI NG’s installer deploy the disk image from the network onto the target disk.

Manual Deployment

The manual deployment method can be tested using virtualization software like QEMU and an additional virtual a large-size target disk. To do this, follow the steps below.

Create a target disk:
```
$ qemu-img create target_disk 20g
```
Note

Retaining the Disk Geometry

If the target disk geometry is less than or equals to the geometry of the disk image itself, the disk expansion that is performed on a physical disk install during the boot workflow is skipped and the original disk geometry stays unchanged.

Dump disk image on target disk:

$ dd if=kiwi-test-image-disk.x86_64-1.15.3.raw of=target_disk conv=notrunc

Boot the target disk:
```
$ sudo qemu -hda target_disk -m 4096 -serial stdio
```
On first boot of the target_disk, the system is expanded to the configured storage layout. By default, the system root partition and filesystem are resized to the maximum free space available.

CD/DVD Deployment

The deployment from CD/DVD via an installation image can also be tested using virtualization software such as QEMU. To do this, follow the steps below.

Create a target disk:

Follow the steps above to create a virtual target disk
Boot the installation image as CD/DVD with the target disk attached.
```
$ sudo qemu -cdrom \
      kiwi-test-image-disk.x86_64-1.15.3.install.iso -hda target_disk \
      -boot d -m 4096 -serial stdio
```
Note

USB Stick Deployment

Like any other ISO image built with KIWI NG, the installation image is also a hybrid image. Thus, it can also be used on USB stick and serve as installation media as explained in Build an ISO Hybrid Live Image

Network Deployment

The process of deployment from the network downloads the disk image from a PXE boot server. This requires a PXE network boot server to be setup as described in Setting Up a Network Boot Server

If the PXE server is running, the following steps show how to test the deployment process over the network using a QEMU virtual machine as a target system:

Create an installation PXE TAR archive along with your disk image by replacing the following configuration in kiwi/build-tests/x86/leap/test-image-disk/appliance.kiwi

Find the line below:
```
<type image="oem" installiso="true"/>
```
Modify the line as follows:
```
<type image="oem" installpxe="true"/>
```

Rebuild the image, unpack the resulting kiwi-test-image-disk.x86_64-1.15.3.install.tar.xz file to a temporary directory, and copy the initrd and kernel images to the PXE server.

Unpack installation tarball:

mkdir /tmp/pxe && cd /tmp/pxe
tar -xf kiwi-test-image-disk.x86_64-1.15.3.install.tar.xz

Copy kernel and initrd used for PXE boot:

scp pxeboot.kiwi-test-image-disk.x86_64-1.15.3.initrd PXE_SERVER_IP:/srv/tftpboot/boot/initrd
scp pxeboot.kiwi-test-image-disk.x86_64-1.15.3.kernel PXE_SERVER_IP:/srv/tftpboot/boot/linux

Copy the disk image, MD5 file, system kernel, initrd and bootoptions to the PXE boot server.

Activation of the deployed system is done via kexec of the kernel and initrd provided here.
1. Copy system image and MD5 checksum:
```
scp kiwi-test-image-disk.x86_64-1.15.3.xz PXE_SERVER_IP:/srv/tftpboot/image/
scp kiwi-test-image-disk.x86_64-1.15.3.md5 PXE_SERVER_IP:/srv/tftpboot/image/
```
2. Copy kernel, initrd and bootoptions used for booting the system via kexec:
```
scp kiwi-test-image-disk.x86_64-1.15.3.initrd PXE_SERVER_IP:/srv/tftpboot/image/
scp kiwi-test-image-disk.x86_64-1.15.3.kernel PXE_SERVER_IP:/srv/tftpboot/image/
scp kiwi-test-image-disk.x86_64-1.15.3.config.bootoptions PXE_SERVER_IP:/srv/tftpboot/image/
```
  Note
  
  The config.bootoptions file is used with kexec to boot the previously dumped image. This file specifies the root of the dumped image, and the file can include other boot options. The file provided with the KIWI NG built image connected to the image present in the PXE TAR archive. If other images are deployed, the file must be modified to match the correct root reference.
Add/Update the kernel command line parameters.

Edit your PXE configuration (for example pxelinux.cfg/default) on the PXE server, and add the following parameters to the append line similar to shown below:
```
append initrd=boot/initrd rd.kiwi.install.pxe rd.kiwi.install.image=tftp://192.168.100.16/image/kiwi-test-image-disk.x86_64-1.15.3.xz
```
The location of the image is specified as a source URI that can point to any location supported by the curl command. KIWI NG uses curl to fetch the data from this URI. This means that the image, MD5 file, system kernel and initrd can be fetched from any server, and they do not need to be stored on the PXE_SERVER.

By default KIWI NG does not use specific curl options or flags. But it is possible to specify desired options by adding the rd.kiwi.install.pxe.curl_options flag to the kernel command line (curl options are passed as comma-separated values), for example:
```
rd.kiwi.install.pxe.curl_options=--retry,3,--retry-delay,3,--speed-limit,2048
```
The above instructs KIWI NG to run curl as follows:
```
curl --retry 3 --retry-delay 3 --speed-limit 2048 -f <url>
```
This can be particularly useful when the deployment infrastructure requires specific download configuration. For example, setting more robust retries over an unstable network connection.

Note

KIWI NG replaces commas with spaces and appends the result to the curl command. Keep that in mind, because command-line options that include commas break the command.

Note

The initrd and Linux Kernel for PXE boot are always loaded via TFTP from the PXE_SERVER.

Create a target disk.

Follow the steps above to create a virtual target disk.
Connect the client to the network and boot QEMU with the target disk attached to the virtual machine:
```
$ sudo qemu -boot n -hda target_disk -m 4096
```
Note

QEMU bridged networking

To connect QEMU to the network, we recommend to setup a network bridge on the host system and connect QEMU to it via a custom /etc/qemu-ifup configuration. For details, see https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/QEMU/Networking

OEM Customization

The deployment process of an OEM image can be customized using the oemconfig element. This element is a child section of the type element, for example:

<oemconfig>
  <oem-swapsize>512</oem-swapsize>
</oemconfig>

Below is a losr list of optional oem element settings.

oemconfig.oem-resize: Determines if the disk has the capability to expand itself to a new disk geometry or not. By default, this feature is activated. The implementation of the resize capability is done in a dracut module packaged as dracut-kiwi-oem-repart. If oem-resize is set to false, the installation of the corresponding dracut package can be skipped as well.
oemconfig.oem-boot-title: By default, the string OEM is used as the boot manager menu entry when KIWI creates the GRUB configuration during deployment. The oem-boot-title element allows you to set a custom name for the grub menu entry. This value is represented by the kiwi_oemtitle variable in the initrd.
oemconfig.oem-bootwait: Determines if the system waits for user interaction before continuing the boot process after the disk image has been dumped to the designated storage device (default value is false). This value is represented by the kiwi_oembootwait variable in the initrd.
oemconfig.oem-reboot: When enabled, the system is rebooted after the disk image has been deployed to the designated storage device (default value is false). This value is represented by the kiwi_oemreboot variable in the initrd.
oemconfig.oem-reboot-interactive: When enabled, the system is rebooted after the disk image has been deployed to the designated storage device (default value is false). Before the reboot, a message is displayed, and it and must be acknowledged by the user for the system to reboot. This value is represented by the kiwi_oemrebootinteractive variable in the initrd.
oemconfig.oem-silent-boot: Determines if the system boots in silent mode after the disk image has been deployed to the designated storage device (default value is false). This value is represented by the kiwi_oemsilentboot variable in the initrd.
oemconfig.oem-shutdown: Determines if the system is powered down after the disk image has been deployed to the designated storage device (default value is false). This value is represented by the kiwi_oemshutdown variable in the initrd.
oemconfig.oem-shutdown-interactive: Determines if the system is powered down after the disk image has been deployed to the designated storage device (default value is false). Before the shutdown a message is displayed, and it must be acknowledged by the user for the system to power off. This value is represented by the kiwi_oemshutdowninteractive variable in the initrd
oemconfig.oem-swap: Determines if a swap partition is be created. By default, no swap partition is created. This value is represented by the kiwi_oemswap variable in the initrd.
oemconfig.oem-swapname: Specifies the name of the swap space. By default, the name is set to LVSwap. The default indicates that this setting is only useful in combination with the LVM volume manager. In this case, the swapspace is configured as a volume in the volume group, and every volume requires a name. The name specified in oemconfig.oem-swapname here is used as a name of the swap volume.
oemconfig.oem-swapsize: Specifies the size of the swap partition. If a swap partition is created while the size of the swap partition is not specified, KIWI calculates the size of the swap partition, and creates a swap partition at initial boot time. In this case, the swap partition size equals the double amount of RAM of the system. This value is represented by the kiwi_oemswapMB variable in the initrd.
oemconfig.oem-systemsize: Specifies the size the operating system is allowed to occupy on the target disk. The size limit does not include any swap space or recovery partition considerations. In a setup without the systemdisk element, this value specifies the size of the root partition. In a setup that includes the systemdisk element, this value specifies the size of the LVM partition that contains all specified volumes. This means that the sum of all specified volume sizes plus the sum of the specified freespace for each volume must be smaller than or equal to the size specified with the oem-systemsize element. This value is represented by the variable kiwi_oemrootMB in the initrd.
oemconfig.oem-unattended: The installation of the image to the target system occurs automatically without requiring user interaction. If multiple possible target devices are discovered, the image is deployed to the first device. kiwi_oemunattended in the initrd.
oemconfig.oem-unattended-id: Selects a target disk device for the installation according to the specified device ID. The device ID corresponds to the name of the device for the configured devicepersistency. By default, it is the by-uuid device name. If no representation exists, for example for ramdisk devices, the UNIX device node can be used to select one. The given name must be present in the device list detected by KIWI.
oemconfig.oem-skip-verify: Disables the checksum verification process after installing of the image to the target disk. The verification process computes the checksum of the image installed to the target. This value is then compared to the initrd embedded checksum generated at build time of the image. Depending on the size of the image and machine power, computing the checksum may take time.

Installation Media Customization

The installation media created for OEM network or CD/DVD deployments can be customized with the installmedia section. It is a child section of the type element, for example:

<installmedia>
  <initrd action="omit">
    <dracut module="network-legacy"/>
  </initrd>
</installmedia>

The installmedia is only available for OEM image types that include the request to create an installation media.

The initrd child element of installmedia lists dracut modules. The element’s action attribute determines whether the dracut module is omitted (action="omit") or added (action="add"). Use action="set" to use only the listed modules and nothing else (that is, none of the dracut modules included by default).